Everything about Prism Compressor totally explained
A
prism compressor is an
optical device used to shorten the duration of a positively chirped
ultrashort laser pulse by giving different
wavelength components a different time delay. It typically consists of two
prisms and a mirror. Figure 1 shows the construction of such a compressor. Although the
dispersion of the prism material causes different wavelength components to travel along different paths, the compressor is built such that all wavelength components leave the compressor at different times, but in the same direction. If the different wavelength components of a
laser pulse were already separated in time, the prism compressor can make them overlap with each other, thus causing a shorter pulse.
Prism compressors are typically used to compensate for dispersion inside
Ti:sapphire modelocked laser. Each time the laser pulse inside travels through the optical components inside the laser cavity, it becomes stretched. A prism compressor inside the cavity can be designed such that it exactly compensates this intra-cavity dispersion. It can also be used to compensate for dispersion of ultrashort pulses outside laser cavities.
Prismatic pulse compression was first introduced in 1983 by Dietel et al. [1]. Multiple-prism dispersion theory was explained in 1982 [2] and multiple-prism pulse compression was demonstrated in 1984 [3].
Principle of operation
Almost all optical materials that are
transparent for
visible light have a
normal, or positive, dispersion: the
refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength. This means that longer wavelengths travel faster through these materials. The same is true for the prisms in a prism compressor. However, the positive dispersion of the prisms is offset by the extra distance that the longer wavelength components have to travel through the second prism. This is a rather delicate balance, since the shorter wavelengths travel a larger distance through air. However, with a careful choice of the geometry, it's possible to create a negative dispersion that can compensate positive dispersion from other optical components. This is shown in Figure 3. By shifting prism P2 up and down, the dispersion of the compressor can be both negative around refractive index
n = 1.6 (red curve) and positive (blue curve). The range with a negative dispersion is relatively short since prism P2 can only be moved upwards over a short distance before the
light ray misses it altogether.
In principle, the α angle can be varied to tune the dispersion properties of a prism compressor. In practice, however, the geometry is chosen such that the incident and refracted beam have the same angle at the central wavelength of the spectrum to be compressed. This configuration is known as the "angle of minimum deviation", and is easier to align than arbitrary angles.
The refractive index of typical materials such as
BK7 glass changes only a small amount (0.01 – 0.02) within the few tens of
nanometers that are covered by an ultrashort pulse. Within a practical size, a prism compressor can only compensate a few hundred µm of path length differences between the wavelength components. However, by using a large refractive index material (such as
SF10,
SF11, etc.) the compensation distance can be extended to mm level. This technology has been used successfully inside femtosecond laser cavity for compensation of the Ti:sapphire crystal, and outside for the compensation of dispersion introduced by other elements. However, high-order dispersion will be introduced by the prism compressor itself, as well as other optical elements. It can be corrected with careful measurement of the
ultrashort pulse and compensate the phase distortion.
MIIPS is one of the
pulse shaping techniques which can measure and compensate high-order dispersion automatically. As a muddled version of
pulse shaping the end mirror is sometimes tilted or even deformed, accepting that the rays don't travel back the same path or become divergent.
Comparison with other pulse compressors
The most common other pulse compressor is based on
gratings (see
Chirped pulse amplification), which can easily create a much larger negative dispersion than a prism compressor (centimeters rather than tenths of millimeters). However, a grating compressor has losses of at least 30% due to higher-order
diffraction and
absorption losses in the metallic coating of the gratings. A prism compressor with an appropriate
anti-reflection coating can have less than 2% loss, which makes it a feasible option inside a
laser cavity. Moreover, a prism compressor is cheaper than a grating compressor.
Another pulse compression technique uses
chirped mirrors, which are
dielectric mirrors that are designed such that the reflection has a negative dispersion. Chirped mirrors are difficult to manufacture; moreover the amount of dispersion is rather small, which means that the laser beam must be reflected a number of times in order to achieve the same amount of dispersion as with a single prism compressor. This means that it's hard to tune. On the other hand, the dispersion of a chirped-mirror compressor can be manufactured to have a specific dispersion curve, whereas a prism compressor offers much less freedom. Chirped-mirror compressors are used in applications where pulses with a very large bandwidth have to be compressed.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Prism Compressor'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://prism_compressor.totallyexplained.com">Prism compressor Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
